Jordan Spieth of the US hits a tee shot during a practice round prior to the 2016 PGA Championship at Baltusrol Golf Club on Tuesday in Springfield, New Jersey. Photo: CFP

Golf's return to the Olympic Games after 112 years may not be as triumphant as many in the sport hoped.

The top four players in the men's game - Jason Day, Dustin Johnson, Jordan Spieth and Rory McIlroy - have controversially opted to skip the competition.

Three of them cited fears of Zika, the mosquito-borne virus spreading rapidly in the Americas, while Spieth blamed more general health concerns.

Some critics, including the great Gary Player who is South Africa's Olympic captain, have suggested the absence of the top four and several others may have more to do with the lack of prize money in the Games event.

Blow to business

The no-shows represent another blow to the business of golf that has suffered since the global economic downturn and from the nosedive in form and injury struggles of 14-time major winner Tiger Woods.

The sport is struggling to grow as youngsters gravitate toward other pastimes such as soccer, with sales of golf apparel and equipment having fallen for several years.

The US "golf economy" declined 9.4 percent from $75.6 billion to $68.8 billion from 2005 to 2011, according to a report prepared by research institute SRI International.

Flagging sales have led companies such as ­Adidas AG to scale back golf investments.

Adidas said in May it would jettison its golf equipment brands including TaylorMade, Adams and Ashworth. The company toiled in its bid to sell these brands, Reuters has previously reported.

A global event like the Olympic Games might have been expected to give the industry a much-needed boost.

Many in the sport have fought tooth and nail for decades to mobilize a worldwide effort to get golf back into the Games, Player said in April.

"Players today make so much [money] and should be giving back," he said.

Many of the top golfers who dropped out are in contention to win the FedExCup Series that pays out $10 million to the season-long champion of the US PGA Tour.

A US champion in Rio, by contrast, can expect to receive $25,000 from the ­national Olympic Committee. Other national organizations are offering similar token bonuses.

International attention

The absence of top golfers could, however, present an opening for lesser-known players to capture international attention for themselves, their countries and sponsors.

"Emerging markets for golf, such as China, Southeast Asia, Central Europe and South America, have just begun to realize their potential," said Tom Stine, a partner at market research firm Golf Datatech.

If nothing else, the sport will now have a bigger presence in the Olympic host country of Brazil, said Andrea Sartori, global head of sport for the professional service company KPMG.

Brazil has 123 golf courses, less than half of the 319 layouts in Argentina, a much smaller country, according to a 2015 report by the R&A, organizer of the British Open.

The US, by comparison, has 15,373 courses.

The Olympic golf course, built from scratch in the Barra da Tijuca district, will become a public facility following the Olympic Games.

Golf Datatech estimates the global equipment market generated $8.7 billion in sales in 2014, with more than 70 percent coming from the US, Japan and South Korea.

About 2.3 percent of sales come from China while less than 1 percent of the ­market comes from South America (excluding Argentina) and countries such as Thailand and Singapore, its report found.

Steve Mona, chief executive of the World Golf Foundation, one of the groups that lobbied to get the sport back into the Olympic Games, said the Games could help companies expand their international reach.

Golf is guaranteed to be in the Olympic Games for at least one more Summer Games in Tokyo in 2020.

"That's why we are so vested in this," Mona said. "Not only from the standpoint of people participating in the game but also becoming consumers in the game."

Callaway Golf's senior vice president of marketing and brand management Harry Arnett said the Olympic Games will give the industry a boost despite the big-name no-shows "particularly in less golf-mature markets."

Paul Swinand, analyst for the investment research and management firm Morningstar who covers stocks such as Adidas and Nike, expects the worldwide Olympic television audience to attract fresh viewers to the sport.

"Golf in the Olympics will be able to draw in new people who wouldn't necessarily tune into the US Masters," Swinand said.