UK pivot to China heralds geopolitical shift
By Published: Apr 26, 2016 07:58 PM
There are many examples in recent years of countries moving toward a closer relationship with China: the distinctiveness - and significance - of the British case lies in the fact that the UK has regarded itself as the closest ally of the US ever since WWII.
It was not always so. Between the First and Second World Wars, there was an intense struggle for supremacy between Britain, the declining imperial power, and the US, the new rising power. Although by the late 1930s it was clear that the US would become the new hegemon, it was WWII that burdened the UK with huge debts and spelt the beginning of the end of its imperial role.
At this point it was faced with a historical choice: to fight an increasingly unequal battle with the US for supremacy or seek an alliance with the latter, albeit as very much a junior partner. It chose the latter. Ever since, the relationship between the two countries has been extraordinarily close. The postwar alliance between the US and the UK is the most important example in the modern era of a rising power and a declining power making peace with each other after a period of growing rivalry.
The closeness of this relationship merits further elaboration. Apart from the friction between the two countries over Britain's intervention in the Suez crisis in 1956, it is difficult to think of another example where they have been in serious dispute.
Indeed, they have been more or less inseparable, a fact reflected in the extremely close relationship between their foreign and defense ministries and their security agencies. The "special relationship," as it has been long known, has been a foundation stone of British foreign policy for 70 years, albeit with the UK cast in the role of the evermore junior and subservient partner.
Without this background, it is impossible to understand the significance of Britain's pivot to China. The key moment in this process was the UK's decision in April last year to join the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
So why did Britain decide to join, highly unlikely as that seemed at the time? The deterioration in the relationship between the UK and China after British Prime Minister David Cameron's decision to publicly meet the Dalai Lama and China's freezing of bilateral relations in response, led to some profound soul-searching by the British.
It not only came to regret the decision to meet the Dalai Lama, though this was never admitted, but far more importantly it led to a profound rethink of the significance of China's rise and what it meant for Britain: If China would soon become the world's largest economy, then the UK had to seek to engage with it in a totally different and much closer way.
Instead of aping the US, as had almost invariably been the case for decades previous, the UK needed to develop its own independent relationship with China. What has driven this profound rethink on the part of the British is a new and significantly different perception of the national interest.
Like other European countries the UK is seriously indebted and therefore short of capital. The new engagement with China offers the prospect of an injection of Chinese investment in its infrastructure, which otherwise it would find very difficult to afford, and the opportunity for the City of London to become one of the most important offshore hubs for the yuan. The latter is perhaps uppermost in the British mind as London vies with New York as the world's premier financial center. In the longer run, it would be impossible for London to maintain its position as a great financial center unless it becomes one of the great centres for the renminbi.
The British pivot to China is an object lesson in how China's rise transforms the way in which countries see China and the priority they give to their relationship with it. As China rises, its gravitational pull becomes ever greater and the geo-political geometry of the world changes. The British pivot is but one of many examples. But it has a special meaning. It demonstrates how the West itself is now being pulled in different directions by China's rise.
The US has become increasingly concerned by China as a threat to its position as the pre-eminent global power, with the consequence that the China-US relationship is becoming increasingly strained. Countries like the UK, France and Germany do not have this kind of interest, nor do they have the same stake as the US in seeking to defend the latter's position as the global hegemon. That is why the UK's response to China's rise is markedly distinct from that of the US. The UK has little self-interest in containing China and great self-interest in engaging with China.
Arguably Britain's pivot to China, along with its decision in 1972 to join Europe, is the most important shift in British foreign policy since 1945. The difference between the two is that while the US encouraged the UK to join Europe, it is very unhappy about Britain's pivot to China.
But it would be quite wrong to talk about a breach in the UK-US relationship. At most, a very small chink of light has opened between them because, to US disquiet, Britain has opted to pursue a much closer and rather different relationship with China.
Given the UK's history as the premier imperial power prior to the United States, and the subsequent closeness of its relationship with the US, this is an event of great historical and geo-political significance.
The author is a senior fellow at the Department of Politics and International Studies, Cambridge University. opinion@globaltimes.com.cn
It was not always so. Between the First and Second World Wars, there was an intense struggle for supremacy between Britain, the declining imperial power, and the US, the new rising power. Although by the late 1930s it was clear that the US would become the new hegemon, it was WWII that burdened the UK with huge debts and spelt the beginning of the end of its imperial role.
At this point it was faced with a historical choice: to fight an increasingly unequal battle with the US for supremacy or seek an alliance with the latter, albeit as very much a junior partner. It chose the latter. Ever since, the relationship between the two countries has been extraordinarily close. The postwar alliance between the US and the UK is the most important example in the modern era of a rising power and a declining power making peace with each other after a period of growing rivalry.
The closeness of this relationship merits further elaboration. Apart from the friction between the two countries over Britain's intervention in the Suez crisis in 1956, it is difficult to think of another example where they have been in serious dispute.
Indeed, they have been more or less inseparable, a fact reflected in the extremely close relationship between their foreign and defense ministries and their security agencies. The "special relationship," as it has been long known, has been a foundation stone of British foreign policy for 70 years, albeit with the UK cast in the role of the evermore junior and subservient partner.
Without this background, it is impossible to understand the significance of Britain's pivot to China. The key moment in this process was the UK's decision in April last year to join the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
So why did Britain decide to join, highly unlikely as that seemed at the time? The deterioration in the relationship between the UK and China after British Prime Minister David Cameron's decision to publicly meet the Dalai Lama and China's freezing of bilateral relations in response, led to some profound soul-searching by the British.
It not only came to regret the decision to meet the Dalai Lama, though this was never admitted, but far more importantly it led to a profound rethink of the significance of China's rise and what it meant for Britain: If China would soon become the world's largest economy, then the UK had to seek to engage with it in a totally different and much closer way.
Instead of aping the US, as had almost invariably been the case for decades previous, the UK needed to develop its own independent relationship with China. What has driven this profound rethink on the part of the British is a new and significantly different perception of the national interest.
Like other European countries the UK is seriously indebted and therefore short of capital. The new engagement with China offers the prospect of an injection of Chinese investment in its infrastructure, which otherwise it would find very difficult to afford, and the opportunity for the City of London to become one of the most important offshore hubs for the yuan. The latter is perhaps uppermost in the British mind as London vies with New York as the world's premier financial center. In the longer run, it would be impossible for London to maintain its position as a great financial center unless it becomes one of the great centres for the renminbi.
The British pivot to China is an object lesson in how China's rise transforms the way in which countries see China and the priority they give to their relationship with it. As China rises, its gravitational pull becomes ever greater and the geo-political geometry of the world changes. The British pivot is but one of many examples. But it has a special meaning. It demonstrates how the West itself is now being pulled in different directions by China's rise.
The US has become increasingly concerned by China as a threat to its position as the pre-eminent global power, with the consequence that the China-US relationship is becoming increasingly strained. Countries like the UK, France and Germany do not have this kind of interest, nor do they have the same stake as the US in seeking to defend the latter's position as the global hegemon. That is why the UK's response to China's rise is markedly distinct from that of the US. The UK has little self-interest in containing China and great self-interest in engaging with China.
Arguably Britain's pivot to China, along with its decision in 1972 to join Europe, is the most important shift in British foreign policy since 1945. The difference between the two is that while the US encouraged the UK to join Europe, it is very unhappy about Britain's pivot to China.
But it would be quite wrong to talk about a breach in the UK-US relationship. At most, a very small chink of light has opened between them because, to US disquiet, Britain has opted to pursue a much closer and rather different relationship with China.
Given the UK's history as the premier imperial power prior to the United States, and the subsequent closeness of its relationship with the US, this is an event of great historical and geo-political significance.
The author is a senior fellow at the Department of Politics and International Studies, Cambridge University. opinion@globaltimes.com.cn
