Visitors take pictures with their mobile phones at the Jama Masjid in the old quarters of New Delhi, India on September 21, 2021. Photo: AFP

The group that ran the Hindutva Watch handle on Twitter - which flagged instances of violence and bigotry from an extreme form of Hindu nationalism - had long been accustomed to being abused and trolled for content critical of the Indian government.

But even they were stunned when the account - with nearly 26,000 followers - was abruptly suspended in April 2021 with no reason given.

The suspension of that, and dozens of accounts deemed to be critical of the government, came shortly after the launch of a cybercrime volunteers program by the ministry of home affairs (MHA) to report illegal or unlawful online content.

Citizen volunteers, or "good Samaritans," are required to maintain "strict confidentiality," and report child sex abuse material, as well as online content "disturbing public order" or communal harmony, and against India's integrity, the MHA said.

For activists, journalists and others critical of the government, it has become harder to distinguish between trolls, the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party's technology cell and the cyber volunteers - estimated to number in the hundreds.

"For us, Twitter was important to expose communalism, hate speech, fake news and pseudo-science spread by right wing forces," said a spokesperson for Hindutva Watch who asked not to be named for safety reasons.

Complaints about posts are assessed under Twitter's terms of service and Twitter rules, and "any content that is determined to be in violation is actioned in line with our range of enforcement options," a spokesperson for Twitter said.

Digital warriors

The BJP swept into power in India in 2014 and won by an even bigger margin in 2019, its victories credited to a large extent to its savvy IT cell and social media prowess, fueled by thousands of supporters it calls digital "yodhas" or warriors.

Modi, 71, is known to be tech-savvy, with 73 million followers on his personal Twitter account, and follows several individuals who are known to harass those critical of his government, and who often say in their profile that they are proud to be followed by Modi.

More than half of India's 1.3 billion population has access to the internet. The country has over 300 million Facebook users and 200 million on Facebook's WhatsApp messaging service. About 22 million use Twitter, according to Statista.

India, like other countries, has recently introduced laws to limit so-called misinformation and to censor content that is deemed to be critical of the government's management of the coronavirus pandemic.

India in 2021 introduced new rules that activists say violate privacy rights by requiring social media firms to identify users to authorities, following government demands to remove posts critical of its handling of COVID-19.

WhatsApp has filed a lawsuit against the rules. 

But the government's cyber volunteers program may be the most insidious of measures so far, and risks turning the country into a surveillance state, said Anushka Jain, an associate counsel at Internet Freedom Foundation, an advocacy group.

No passports

In 2018, India's ministry of information and broadcasting said it planned to establish a social media communication hub that would monitor online platforms and analyze all communications in real time.

The proposal was challenged by an opposition party member who said it would violate privacy and create a "surveillance state." The plan was withdrawn by the government, which had argued the hub would help overburdened police prevent crime.

Since then, the government has increased pressure on social media firms: Removal requests to Twitter have risen steadily since 2014, and India submitted the most requests to take down content in 2020, according to data from Twitter.

India also topped the list for information requests by governments to Twitter in the second half of 2020, overtaking the US for the first time. These requests can include asking for the identities of people tweeting under pseudonyms.

Facebook received more than 45,000 requests for data from the Indian government from January to June 2021, compared to about 3,000 requests for the same time period in 2013, its data showed.

Several farmers - and their supporters - protesting new agricultural laws earlier n 2021 had their Twitter and Instagram accounts blocked on the request of the government, including the handle @standup4farmers.

Dozens of activists and journalists in India were also revealed to be targeted by the Pegasus spyware, developed by Israeli tech firm NSO, which turns a mobile phone into a surveillance device.

Authorities have declined to say whether the government purchased the technology, only saying that "unauthorized surveillance does not occur."

Meanwhile, authorities in several Indian states have recently said they will deny passports and government jobs to people for their "anti-national" or anti-social" online posts.

'Sinister censorship'

There are real-world consequences: A member of a right-wing Hindu group was arrested for the 2017 killing of journalist Gauri Lankesh, while WhatsApp group messages have led to fatal lynchings - of mostly Muslim and Dalit men falsely accused of killing cows, kidnapping children or selling body parts.

WhatsApp introduced limits on forwarding messages in 2018 to deter mass forward in India.

For Hiral Rana, 37, these were not pressing concerns when she signed up to be a cybercrime volunteer to counter misinformation after seeing a tweet on the government program.

About two to three times a day, she and other volunteers in the western Gujarat state were sent a piece of information related to coronavirus or government policy to post on their Twitter accounts, and flag any misinformation that they spotted to the police and the state's cybercrime group.

When the Hindutva Watch account was suspended on Twitter, more than a dozen accounts posted celebratory messages and warnings that they were going after similar accounts.

The account remains suspended.

"The IT cell has turned into a full-fledged spying and mass reporting machinery. The internet in India is now controlled by the government, which suspends or silences voices critical of the government," the spokesperson said. 

"It is a sinister form of censorship."

Reuters