Spanish adviser of Fepromodel Carles Fernandez checks mussel seeds, almost all dead, in a farm near Deltebre, Spain, on August 10, 2022. Photo: AFP

"There's nothing left here," sighs Javier Franch as he shakes the heavy rope of mussels he's just pulled to the surface in northeastern Spain. They are all dead. 

With the country hit by a long and brutal heat wave this summer, the water temperature in the Ebro Delta, the main mussels production area of the Spanish Mediterranean, is touching 30 C.

And any grower who hasn't removed their molluscs in time will have lost everything. 

But that's not the worst of it: Most of the crop in 2023 has also died in one of the most intense marine heat waves around the Spanish Mediterranean.

By the end of July 2022, experts said that the western Mediterranean was experiencing an "exceptional" marine heat wave, with persistently hotter-than-normal temperatures posing a threat to the entire marine ecosystem. 

"The high temperatures have cut short the season," says Franch, 46, who has spent almost three decades working for the firm founded by his father, which has seen production fall by a quarter in 2022. 

The relentless sun has heated up the mix of fresh and saltwater along Catalonia's delicate coastal wetlands where the River Ebro flows into the Mediterranean. 

On a scorching summer morning in Deltebre, one of the municipalities of the Delta, the mussel rafts, the long wooden structures with ropes attache, where each of them can grow up to 20 kilograms of mussels, should be teeming with workers hurrying around during the busy season. 

But there is hardly any movement. 

"We lost the yield that was left, which wasn't much, because we were working to get ahead so we wouldn't go through this," explains Carles Fernandez, the person who advises the Ebro Delta's Federation of Mollusc Producers (Fepromodel). 

"But the problem is that we've lost the young stock for 2023 and we'll have quite a high cost overrun."

Millions in losses

The heat has wiped out 150 tons of commercial mussels and 1,000 tons of young stock in the Delta, initial estimates suggest. 

And producers are calculating their losses at over 1 million euros ($1.014 million) given they will now have to buy young molluscs from Italy or Greece for 2023. 

"When you have a week when temperatures are higher than 28 C, there can be some mortality, but this summer it has lasted almost a month and a half," with peak temperatures of almost 31 C, says Fepromodel head Gerardo Bonet.

Normally, the Ebro Delta's two bays produce around 3,500 tons of mussels, and 800 tons of oysters, making Catalonia Spain's second-largest producer, although it remains far behind the output of Galicia, the northwestern region on the colder Atlantic coast. 

For years now, the harvest in the Delta has been brought forward, cutting short a season that once ran from April to August. 

'Tropical' Mediterranean

Hit by coastal erosion and a lack of sediment supply, the rich ecosystem of the Ebro Delta, a biosphere reserve and one of the most important wetlands of the western Mediterranean, is particularly vulnerable to climate change. 

And this extreme summer, when Spain endured 42 days of the incredibly high temperature and massive heat wave, a record three times the average over the last decade, the AEMET national forecaster says, has also left its mark below the surface of the water. 

"Some marine populations which are unable to cope with temperatures as high as these over a long period of time are going to suffer what we call mass mortality," says marine biologist Emma Cebrian of the Spanish National Research Council. 

"Imagine a forest, it's like 60 or 80 percent of the trees dying, with the resulting impact on its associated biodiversity," she says. 

The succession of heat waves on land has generated another at sea which, pending analysis of all the data in November, may turn out to be "the worst" in this area of the Mediterranean since records began in the 1980s. 

Although marine heat waves are not a new phenomenon, they are becoming more extreme with increasingly dire consequences. 

"If we compare it with a wildfire, one can have an impact, but if you keep having them, it will probably mean the affected populations are not able to recuperate," the marine biologist added. 

Experts say the Mediterranean is becoming "tropicalized," and mollusc grower Franch is struck by the mounting evidence as his boat glides between empty mussel rafts in a bay without a breath of wind. 

He is mulling an increase in his production of oysters, which are more resistant to high temperatures, but which currently represent just 10 percent of his output.

But he hopes it will help ensure his future in a sector that employs 800 people directly or indirectly in the Ebro Delta. 

"(The sector) is under threat because climate change is a reality and what we are seeing now will happen again," he says with worry.

AFP